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ISSUE:    Manuscript. 2025. Volume 18. Issue 1
COLLECTION:    Ontology and Epistemology

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Consciousness, space and time in the philosophy of I. Kant and in the modern philosophy and science

Mikhail Vyacheslavovich Zhulkov
Ivanovo State University


Submitted: February 14, 2025
Abstract. The purpose of the article is to study the relationship between space, time, consciousness (self-awareness) in the philosophy of I. Kant and in modern philosophy and science. In I. Kant's philosophy, space and time form an empirical environment in which objects reside, and on the other hand, they are a priori (intrinsically inherent in pure reason) forms of our cognition. Transcendental apperception (self-awareness and the judgment "I think") are a condition for the synthesis of consciousness (perceptions, representations, pure reason). The novelty lies in the position put forward by the author that space and time are not only conditions and forms of cognition, but are necessary for modeling thinking as such, before connecting with cognition. The results of the research are as follows: self-awareness, according to Kant, includes the flow of perception, through inner feeling it becomes representations in consciousness, awareness arises in pure reason, the judgment "I think" unites these three structures into a single whole. Space and time are not only a priori forms of cognition, but also forms of thought itself: differentiation (the formation of concepts) leads to the idea of space, and the movement of thought leads to the idea of time. Modern science is moving away from absolute three-dimensional space and time towards a four-dimensional, relative spacetime, the interrelation of object and subject of experience, the interrelation of the informational and material components of the world – that is, it is moving in line with Immanuel Kant's ideas about space and time. However, modern science has not yet discovered the interconnections between space, time, and consciousness. Future research may lie in the search for such interconnections, investigating the impact of consciousness on the formation of events, as well as on the characteristics of space and time.
Key words and phrases:
философия И. Канта
самосознание
чистый разум
современные концепции сознания
пространство и время в современной науке
philosophy of I. Kant
self-awareness
pure mind
modern concepts of consciousness
space and time in modern science
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